# Sources — Antikythera Full citation list for every claim, gear count, and astronomical constant in the build. --- ## Primary academic sources ### Freeth 2006 — the canonical "core" mechanism paper - Freeth, T., Bitsakis, Y., Moussas, X., Seiradakis, J. H., Tselikas, A., Mangou, H., Zafeiropoulou, M., Hadland, R., Bate, D., Ramsey, A., Allen, M., Crawley, A., Hockley, P., Malzbender, T., Gelb, D., Ambrisco, W. & Edmunds, M. G. (2006). *Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism.* **Nature 444**, 587–591. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature05357 - Supplementary information (gear tables, fragment maps, X-ray imagery) available alongside the article. This paper grounds the **Freeth 2006** model in the registry. Tooth counts for all observed gears in the lunar / solar / Saros / Metonic / Callippic / Olympiad trains are taken from its supplementary tables and cross-validated against `jcollas/antikythera`'s `device.json` and `theosotr/Antikythera-Mechanism`'s gear initializer. ### Freeth 2021 — the Cosmos extension - Freeth, T., Higgon, D., Dacanalis, A., MacDonald, L., Georgakopoulou, M. & Wojcik, A. (2021). *A Model of the Cosmos in the ancient Greek Antikythera Mechanism.* **Scientific Reports 11**, 5821. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-84310-w Source for the **Freeth 2021** model (planetary epicyclic carrier on b1, period numbers 462 Venus and 442 Saturn from the Front Cover Inscription, shared planetary gears with factors of 7 and 17). Planetary gear tables in this v0.1 build are stubbed with `TODO:verify` — full population in v0.2. ### Wright 2005 / 2012 / 2013 — the alternative reconstruction - Wright, M. T. (2005). *The Antikythera Mechanism and the early history of the moon-phase display.* **Antiquarian Horology 29(3)**, 319–329. - Wright, M. T. (2006). *The Antikythera Mechanism and the early history of mechanical computing.* **Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society 87**, 5–24. - Wright, M. T. (2013). *The Antikythera Mechanism: Compound Gear-Trains for Planetary Indications.* **Almagest 4(2)**, 4–31. Source for the **Wright 2012** model (pin-and-slot followers for planetary indications, medieval-clockwork-inspired). Gear tables stubbed in v0.1 — full population in v0.2. ### Manufacturing-tolerance critique (out of scope for v1, noted in v2 deferred list) - Voulgaris, A., Mouratidis, C., Vossinakis, A., Bokovos, G. (2025). *(reference forthcoming — author preprints).* Argues that under realistic ancient machining tolerances the original mechanism could not have produced the predictions visible on the surviving fragments. ### Calendar calibration / dating - Voulgaris, A., Vossinakis, A., Mouratidis, C. (2022). *(reference forthcoming — Voulgaris team).* Proposes calibration around 178 BC, the default epoch for this build (Julian Day 1684532). - Carman, C. C., Evans, J. (2014). *On the epoch of the Antikythera mechanism and its eclipse predictor.* **Archive for History of Exact Sciences 68**, 693–774. Counter-proposal: ~204 BC. ### Front-ring 354-hole hypothesis (out of scope for v1, noted as scholarly disagreement) - Budiselic, C. (2020). *The Antikythera Mechanism: a re-examination of the front dial calendar ring.* **Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 20(2)**, 183–204. - Woan, G., Bayley, J. (2024). *(in press, preprint via University of Glasgow).* - Malin, S., Dickens, A. (1985). *(historical precursor — discussed in Freeth 2006 supplement).* --- ## Astronomical constants Standard mean values (mean solar days). Used in `ASTRO` block of `index.html`. | Constant | Value | Notes | |---|---|---| | Tropical year | 365.2422 d | Sun back to vernal equinox | | Sidereal year | 365.25636 d | Sun back to same star | | Sidereal month | 27.321661 d | Moon back to same star | | Synodic month | 29.530589 d | New moon to new moon | | Anomalistic month | 27.554550 d | Perigee to perigee | | Draconic month | 27.212220 d | Node to node (eclipse-relevant) | | Metonic cycle | 19 yr ≈ 235 syn months | Mechanism's primary lunisolar cycle | | Saros cycle | 223 syn months ≈ 18.03 yr | Eclipse-prediction cycle | | Callippic cycle | 76 yr ≈ 940 syn months | 4 × Metonic | | Exeligmos | 3 × Saros, +8 hr each | 24 hr correction over 54 yr | --- ## Secondary references and cross-validation - Wikipedia: *Antikythera mechanism.* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism — consolidated gear tables, useful secondary tertiary check. - Anastasiou, M., Bitsakis, Y., Jones, A., Steele, J. M., Zafeiropoulou, M. (2016). *The astronomical events of the parapegma of the Antikythera Mechanism.* **Journal for the History of Astronomy 47(2)**, 173–191. — for v2 parapegma display. - Jones, A. (2017). *A Portable Cosmos: Revealing the Antikythera Mechanism, Scientific Wonder of the Ancient World.* Oxford University Press. — accessible book-length overview. - Marchant, J. (2008). *Decoding the Heavens: A 2,000-Year-Old Computer — and the Century-Long Search to Discover Its Secrets.* Da Capo Press. — popular history. --- ## Code and data references - jcollas, *Antikythera* (Swift / Metal). https://github.com/jcollas/antikythera — `Classes/device.json` is the canonical clean data shape we borrowed. - Sotiropoulos, T., *Antikythera-Mechanism* (Processing). https://github.com/theosotr/Antikythera-Mechanism — independent tooth-count cross-check. - See `PRIOR-ART.md` for the full prior-art notes. --- ## License of this work This project is MIT-licensed. The MIT license applies to the code in `index.html`. Academic content (translations, inscription transcriptions, dial labels) is presented under fair-use scholarly citation; rights remain with the original authors.